Lomatium Sp. - Desert-parsley

Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) - Carrot [E-flora]

Root, Plant Infusion, Poultice Incense
Lomatium macrocarpum Plant
Lomatium macrocarpum
(Wikimedia)1
Lomatium grayi Seeds
Lomatium grayi
(Wikimedia)2
Lomatium dissectum Plant
Lomatium dissectum
(Wikimedia)3

"Perennial herb, from taproot or generally deep-seated tuber, glabrous to tomentose. Stem: 0 or erect, simple or branched; base fibrous or not. Leaf: blade oblong to triangular-ovate or obovate, ternately, pinnately, or ternate-pinnately dissected or compound, segments or leaflets thread-like to wide; old basal leaf sheaths fibrous-persistent or not. Inflorescence: umbels compound, peduncled; bracts generally 0; bractlets generally present, 0 to conspicuous; rays, pedicels spreading to erect, generally webbed at base. Flower: calyx lobes generally 0; petals wide, yellow, white, or purple, tips narrowed; ovary tip projection 0. Fruit: linear to obovate, compressed front-to-back; marginal ribs widely to narrowly thin or thick-winged, others thread-like; oil tubes 1–several per rib-interval; fruit axis divided to base. Seed: face flat to concave.
+/- 75 species: central and southern North America. (Greek: bordered, from prominent marginal fruit wing) [Constance & Ertter 1996 Madroño 43:515–521] Fruit wing width given as width of 1 wing, not both together. Lomatium roseanum Cronquist is reported from High Cascade Range, northern High Sierra Nevada, Modoc Plateau." [Jepson]

Local species;

  1. Lomatium dissectum - fern-leaved desert-parsley [E-flora]
  2. Lomatium macrocarpum - large-fruited desert-parsley [E-flora]
  3. Lomatium martindalei - Martindale's lomatium [E-flora]
  4. Lomatium nudicaule - barestem desert-parsley [E-flora]
  5. Lomatium triternatum - nine-leaved desert-parsley [E-flora]
  6. Lomatium utriculatum - spring gold [E-flora]

Found elsewhere in B.C.;

Lomatium spp.

Lomatium dissectum - fern-leaved desert-parsley

"Lomatium dissectum is a PERENNIAL. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil." [PFAF]

"General: Stout perennial herb from a taproot; stems several, 0.5-1.5 (2) m tall." [IFBC-E-flora]

Habitat / Range
"Dry grasslands, shrublands, talus and rocky slopes in the steppe and montane zones; var. dissectum rare in S BC, var. multifidum frequent in SC and SE BC; E to SK and S to CO, AZ and CA." [IFBC-E-flora]

Origin Status: Native [E-flora]

Ecological Indicator Information
"A shade-tolerant/intolerant. montane to subalpine. Western North American forb distributed equally in the Pacific and Cordilleran regions. marginally in the Central region. Occurs on very dry to moderately dry, nitrogen-rich soils (Moder and Mull humus forms) within subalpine boreal, temperate, cool semiarid, and dry mesothermal climates. Sporadic in open-canopy forests on watershedding sites. A nitrophytic species characteristic of moisture-deficient sites. (IPBC)" [E-flora]

Edible Uses

Other Uses

Medicinal Uses

"Fernleaf biscuitroot was widely employed medicinally by many native North American Indian tribes who considered it to be a universal panacea and used it especially in treating chest problems and skin complaints 207,257. It is little, if at all, used in modern herbalism, but probably warrants investigation." [PFAF]

"Lomatium dissectum was historically one of the most important medicinal plants of the western United States. Native Americans used the herb as an internal remedy for viral and bacterial infections, especially those of the eyes, respiratory tract and urinary tract." (CompMed)

Root

Pectoral: "The dried root was used in the treatment of rheumatism, stomach complaints, coughs, colds, hay fever, bronchitis, influenza, pneumonia and tuberculosis 207, 257. The root was burnt and the smoke inhaled in the treatment of asthma and other chest complaints 257, it was also used as a herbal steam bath for treating chest complaints 257." [PFAF] "A decoction of the root was taken internally, and the above ground portion of the plant was smoked or burned and inhaled to treat coughs, colds, hayfever, bronchitis, asthma, influenza, pneumonia and tuberculosis." (CompMed)
Tonic: "The root was used to make a drink that was taken as a tonic to help people in a weakened condition gain weight 257." [PFAF]
Poultice: "A poultice of the peeled and crushed roots has been applied to open cuts, sores, boils, bruises and rheumatic joints 257." [PFAF] "The decoction was also applied externally for cuts, sores and rashes." (CompMed)
Antidandruff: "The root has been soaked in water and then used as an antidandruff wash for the hair 257." [PFAF]

Oil: "The root oil has been applied as a salve to sores and also used as an eye wash in the treatment of trachoma 257." [PFAF] "the oily sap was placed on skin lesions and used in the eyes for trachomal and gonorrheal infections." (CompMed)
Chewed: "The raw root was chewed for sore throat and used as a poultice for swellings, sprains and rheumatism." (CompMed)

Leaves & Stems

"An infusion has been used as a tonic 257." [PFAF]

Other Medicinal Use

" The Nez Perce of North America mixed the roots with tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and smoked them to treat sinus troubles (Hart 1996)." [UAPDS]

" The Northern Paiute, also of North America, mixed the roots with tobacco and smoked the mixture to relieve headaches and colds (Fowler 1989). Other Native Americans inhaled the smoke of burning roots to treat influenza, sinus, sore throats, congestion in the nose and lungs, hay fever, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, headaches, dizziness, and tuberculosis (Foster and Hobbs 2002)." [UAPDS]

" The Blackfoot, Ute, and Gosiute of North America burned the roots of this species and let their horses inhale the smoke to treat distemper (Chamberlin 1909). The Great Basin people, also of North America, burned dried roots on hot coals, inhaling the smoke for asthma and bronchitis, and the Paiute of North America inhaled smoke from burning pulverized roots for colds, asthma, and tuberculosis (Train et al. 1941). Moerman (1998) suggests another plant species may have been in these practices." [UAPDS]

"An extensive investigation of 100 British Columbian medicinal plant extracts found only one, derived from the roots of Lomatium dissectum (Umbelliferae), which was active against bovine rotavirus [16]. This extract completely inhibited viral cytopathic effects on African green monkey kidney cells, MA104. Clark et al." [ModPhyt]

Actvities

"Whole Plant but especially the root, is disinfectant, pectoral, salve, stomachic and tonic 257." [PFAF]

Antiviral

During the world wide influenza epidemic of 1917, the effectiveness of Lomatium dissectum came to the attention of the American white man, Dr. Alstat explained, when it was observed that native Americans in the Southwest were recovering rapidly from the virus that was killing others.(CompMed)

“A doctor named Ernest Krebbs, who was working in the desert in Nevada, found that the Indians there were peeling dissectum root, drawing and boiling it and skimming off the oil. Using about a pound of herb, the Indians were getting well within a week’s time.” Krebbs and other doctors began using the root and found it had significant healing effects. It gained in popularity, and soon four manufacturing plants were producing the extract. Since it was a Western frontier remedy, however, dissectum never attracted the attention of the medical profession in general, and shortly after the influenza epidemic died off, interest in dissectum died as well.(CompMed)

The root is normally taken as a tincture. [Buhner Antivirals]

Fresh root tincture 1:2 herb:liquid ratio. 70 grain. let macerate for 2 weeks. "10-30 drops up to 5x daily. In acute conditions, take 10-30 drops each hour." [Buhner Antivirals]

"Dry root: Same as for fresh root, except powder the root and use an herb:liquid ratio of 1:5." [Buhner Antivirals]

Seeds

The seeds are highly active, "contain considerably more constituents than the root and may be used instead". Dosage: "Fresh seeds: Same as for the fresh root. Dry seeds: 1:3, 50 percent alcohol." "1 dropperfull 3-5x daily or once per hour in acute conditions." [Buhner Antivirals]

Phytochemicals

Cultivation & Propagation

"Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. Stored seed can be rather slow to germinate, when sown in the spring it usually takes at least 12 months to germinate. Giving it a period of cold stratification might reduce this time. The seedlings need to be pricked out into individual pots as soon as they are large enough to handle, and should be planted out into their permanent positions in the summer. Fresh seed can be sown immediately in situ. Division may be possible in spring or autumn." [PFAF]

"We have almost no information on this species and do not know if it will be hardy in Britain, though judging by its native range it should succeed outdoors in much of the country. It can be assumed that plants will require a dry to moist but well-drained soil in a sunny position. This is a taxonomically very difficult genus, many of the species now included in it have at times been included in other genera[60]." [PFAF]

Synonyms

References

Lomatium macrocarpum - large-fruited desert-parsley

"Lomatium macrocarpum is a PERENNIAL. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil." [PFAF]

Edible Uses

"Root - raw or cooked[257]. A staple food for a number of native North American Indian tribes[257]. The root is usually peeled before being cooked or eaten[257]. It can be dried and ground into a powder and then used to make cakes etc[105, 161, 183]. Seed - raw or cooked. Very nutritious, they can also be ground into a powder[183] and then used with cereal flours when making bread, cakes etc, or be used as a flavouring in soups etc[257]. The seed is very small, but quite easy to harvest[183, K]. A tea can be made from the leaves, stems and flowers[183]." [PFAF]

Root

Dried Bryoria in the "cake" form could be employed in a number of ways. It could be eaten "as is," like a cracker or crust of bread, or it could be boiled with meat in a soup. The Okanagan made a tasty dish by cooking it with bitter-root (Lewisia rediviva Pursh), dough, and fresh salmon eggs (Turner, Bouchard, and Kennedy, in press). The Thompson boiled it with dried "Indian carrots" [Lomatium macrocarpum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose], saskatoon berries, yellow avalanche lily corms (grythronium grandiflorum Pursh), tiger lily bulbs (Lilium columbianum Hanson), or dried venison [Turner, 1977]

Medicinal Uses

"An infusion of the roots has been used as a general strengthener for a weakened patient[257]. The infusion is also used as a treatment for colds, influenza and bronchitis[257]. The root has been chewed and the juice swallowed as a treatment for sore throats[257]. The root has been eaten by childless couples, especially older people, in order to help them conceive[257]. A poultice made from the boiled root has been used to treat swellings[257]. The leaves have been used as a padding in a child's cradle to encourage it to sleep more[257]." [PFAF]

Smoke

The Blackfoot of North America burned the roots and used the smoke to treat distemper in their horses (Hart 1996). The Crow, also of North America, threw shavings of the roots on hot coals for incense purposes that were meant to purify and scent the air [UAPDS]

Cultivation
"We have almost no information on this species and do not know if it will be hardy in Britain, though judging by its native range it should succeed outdoors in much of the country. It can be assumed that plants will require a dry to moist but well-drained soil in a sunny position. Polymorphic[60]. This is a taxonomically very difficult genus, many of the species now included in it have at times been included in other genera[60]." [PFAF]

Propagation
"Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. Stored seed can be rather slow to germinate, when sown in the spring it usually takes at least 12 months to germinate. Giving it a period of cold stratification might reduce this time. The seedlings need to be pricked out into individual pots as soon as they are large enough to handle, and should be planted out into their permanent positions in the summer. Fresh seed can be sown immediately in situ. Division may be possible in spring or autumn." [PFAF]

References

Lomatium martindalei - Martindale's lomatium

"In BC, this species is being assessed by the BC Conservation Data Centre. We presently list one variety (var. angustatum), however there may also be a second variety (var. martindalei) present." [E-flora]

"General: Perennial herb from an elongate taproot or a thickened, subterranean root crown or branching stem-base; stems prostrate to ascending, up to 40 cm long, glabrous." [IFBC-E-flora]

Habitat / Range
"Dry rocky slopes and meadows in the montane to alpine zones; infrequent in SW BC; S to OR." [IFBC-E-flora]

Origin Status: Native [E-flora]

References

Lomatium nudicaule - barestem desert-parsley

"Lomatium nudicaule is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.6 m (2ft) by 0.6 m (2ft in). The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil." [PFAF]

"General: Stout perennial herb from a taproot, glabrous, strongly glaucous; stems solitary to several, 20-90 cm tall." [IFBC-E-flora]

Habitat / Range
"Dry rocky or grassy slopes and open woods in the lowland and steppe zones; locally common on SE Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands, rare eastward in S BC; E to SW AB and S to UT and CA." [IFBC-E-flora]

Origin Status: Native [E-flora]

Edible Uses

Other Uses

Medicinal Uses

"This was one of the most powerful medicines of the Salish of southern Vancouver Island (Boas, 1890)." [Turner&Bell1]

"According to French (1965), the leaves and stems were eaten by the West Coast Indians." [Turner&Bell1]

Seeds

"The aromatic seeds were highly valued as a medicine." [Turner&Bell2]

"Seeds were swallowed for some internal complaints. For headaches they were inhaled like smelling salts, or sometimes a poultice was placed on the head." [Turner&Bell1]

"Additionally, they were eaten to cure constipation, sucked to ease a cough or sore throat, and used along with black twinberry (Lonicera involucrata) and tobacco (Nicotiana sp.) to make a steam bath for general sickness." [Turner&Bell2]

Activities: "Analgesic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, laxative and pectoral[257]. " [PFAF]

"When a man had a carbuncle, hiswife would chew the seeds and spit them on the sore, placing a warm skunk cabbage leaf (Lysichitum americanum) over the top. When a man had a headache, his child would chew up the seeds and blow them on the head of his parent. The seeds were similarly chewed and applied to the affected area for stomach aches, back aches, swelling of a woman's breasts, aching body, colds, and swollen knees and feet (Boas, 1930; Brown, 1969; Cranmer, 1969; Johnson, 1969; King, 1972)." [Turner&Bell2]

"For tuberculosis and other ailments, an ex- tract of the bark was drunk, one clam- shellful at a time (Boas, 1966; Brown, 1969). The rotten stems were burnt, and the ashes were mixed with catfish oil and rubbed on swellings to shrivel them just as the stems shriveled when burnt (Boas, 1966). The bark was used to prepare a steam bath for a person with pains in his body. Two different methods of prepara- tion have been recorded. In one case, the spines were scorched off four pieces of devil's club and the bark boiled for a day with peucedanum seeds (Lomatium nudicaule). The hot fluid was then poured into a box, and the patient was made to sit over the steam, wrapped in a blanket, until he was perspiring heavily. After- wards dry clothing was put on, and the patient soon got better (Boas, 1930). In the second case, the bark was boiled in sea water mixed with urine, and after steam- ing for a while the patient was rubbed dry with shredded cedar bark, which was then buried on a main path or street where people would walk over it. The disease would lose its power after this treatment (Boas, 1966)." [Turner&Bell2]

Folklore

"Hunters always kept the seeds, along with hellebore roots (Veratrum viride) in their canoe boxes for protection (Boas, 1921)." [Turner&Bell2] "The Songish burned the seeds with "red paint" and Typha as an offering for the First Salmon (Boas, 1890)." [Turner&Bell1]

Propagation
"Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame[188]. Stored seed can be rather slow to germinate, when sown in the spring it usually takes at least 12 months to germinate. Giving it a period of cold stratification might reduce this time. The seedlings need to be pricked out into individual pots as soon as they are large enough to handle, and should be planted out into their permanent positions in the summer. Fresh seed can be sown immediately in situ[188]. Division may be possible in spring or autumn." [PFAF]

Cultivation
"Requires a sunny position in a fertile well-drained soil[188]. Plants are frost hardy[188]. This is a taxonomically very difficult genus, many of the species now included in it have at times been included in other genera[60]." [PFAF]

Synonyms

References

  1. [E-flora] http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Lomatium%20nudicaule&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Accessed May 9, 2015
  2. [EthPacNorth]Ethnobotany of the Pacific Northwest Indians, David H. French, July, 1965.
  3. [PFAF]http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lomatium+nudicaule, Accessed May 9, 2015

Lomatium triternatum - nine-leaved desert-parsley

"Lomatium triternatum is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.8 m (2ft 7in). The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil." [PFAF]

Subtaxa Present in B.C.

" General: Perennial herb from an elongated taproot, seldom thickened, surmounted by a simple branched crown or stem-base; stems or scapes solitary or few, erect, 10-80 cm tall, glabrous." [IFBC-E-flora]

Habitat / Range "Dry open slopes and grasslands in the lowland, steppe and montane zones; frequent in SC and SE BC (ssp. triternatum), rare on S Vancouver Island (ssp. platycarpum); E to SW AB and S to CO, UT and CA." [IFBC- E-flora]

Origin Status: Native [E-flora]

Edible Uses

Other Uses

Medicinal Uses

Cultivation
"We have almost no information on this species and do not know if it will be hardy in Britain, though judging by its native range it should succeed outdoors in much of the country. It can be assumed that plants will require a dry to moist but well-drained soil in a sunny position. This is a taxonomically very difficult genus, many of the species now included in it have at times been included in other genera[60]." [PFAF]

Propagation
"Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame[188]. Stored seed can be rather slow to germinate, when sown in the spring it usually takes at least 12 months to germinate. Giving it a period of cold stratification might reduce this time. The seedlings need to be pricked out into individual pots as soon as they are large enough to handle, and should be planted out into their permanent positions in the summer. Fresh seed can be sown immediately in situ[188]. Division may be possible in spring or autumn." [PFAF]

Synonyms
L. platycarpum. (Torr.)Coult.&Rose. [E-flora]

References

Lomatium utriculatum - spring gold

"Lomatium utriculatum is a PERENNIAL. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers dry or moist soil." [PFAF]

"General: Perennial herb from a long, slender taproot, glabrous or short-hairy; stems 10-60 cm tall, leafy." [IFBC-E-flora]

Habitat / Range
"Mesic to dry bluffs, rocky slopes and grassy sites in the lowland zone; locally common on SE Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands; S to CA." [IFBC-E-flora]

Origin Status: Native [E-flora]

Uses
"The Salish Indians sought the young sprouts in the early spring before the leaves had appeared above the ground (Anderson, 1925). They tasted like celery, but became pungent with age. Anderson also mentions that peeled roots were pounded and made into cakes by some Indian groups. Also, the roots were chewed or soaked in water and taken for stomach disorders or headaches (op. cit.)." [Turner&Bell1]

""Wild carrot" roots were eaten by the Kwakiutl, as they were by their Salish neighbours (Turner & Bell, 1971). Their botanical identity is still subject to question. Boas (1921) and Hunt (1922) applied the Kwakiutl terms to several umbelliferous species. Our informants, while they remembered eating the roots, had only vague recollections of what the plants were like. Lomatium utriculatum, one of plants specified by Hunt (op. cit. ), seems to fit the morphological and habitat description best. The plants grew on grassy rocky points of land, particularly on the small offshore islands. They were marked when the leaves were above the ground, and they were dug the following spring before they had sprouted. The turf was peeled back with a yew wood digging stick, the larger carrot roots were picked out, and the turf was replaced. Cranmer (1969) states that the whitish roots were often eaten raw and that they were sweet and tasty, but according to Boas (1921), raw carrots had a strong taste and caused diarrhoea. The carrots were placed in a flat-bottomed small-meshed basket and cooked in a steaming pit lined with dry eelgrass and fern leaves. The pit was covered with old mats and the carrots were allowed to cook for several hours. They were eaten dipped in oil. Only the right hand could be used to eat them. One was allowed to drink water afterwards. In more recent times carrot roots were boiled in kettles (Boas, 1921)." [Turner&Bell2]

Edible Uses

Medicinal Uses

Cultivation
"We have almost no information on this species and do not know if it will be hardy in Britain, though judging by its native range it should succeed outdoors in much of the country. It can be assumed that plants will require a dry to moist but well-drained soil in a sunny position. This is a taxonomically very difficult genus, many of the species now included in it have at times been included in other genera[60]." [PFAF]

Propagation
"Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame[188]. Stored seed can be rather slow to germinate, when sown in the spring it usually takes at least 12 months to germinate. Giving it a period of cold stratification might reduce this time. The seedlings need to be pricked out into individual pots as soon as they are large enough to handle, and should be planted out into their permanent positions in the summer. Fresh seed can be sown immediately in situ[188]. Division may be possible in spring or autumn." [PFAF]

Synonyms Lomatium vaseyi (Coult. & Rose) Coult. & Rose [E-flora]

References

Other Species

Lomatium grayi - Gray's desert-parsley

Red Listed taxon in B.C. [E-flora]

Description

General: "Malodorous perennial herb from a long, stout taproot below a branching stem-base which is often covered by the dead leaves of the previous year; stems several, glabrous, 15-50 cm tall." [IFBC-E-flora]
Leaves: "Mostly basal, short rough-hairy, very finely dissected, with numerous, very narrow, often subterete ultimate segments that lie in numerous planes to form a thick mat." [IFBC-E-flora]
Flowers: "Inflorescence of compound umbels; flowers yellow; spokes of the umbel elongate unequally, 3.5-10 cm long; involucels well-developed." [IFBC-E-flora]
Fruits: "Elliptic, 8-15 mm long, glabrous, lateral wings 1/3 - 1/2 as wide as the body." [IFBC-E-flora]

Habitat/Range

Dry rocky or open slopes in the lowland zone; rare in SW BC, known only from Galiano Island and Saltspring Island; S to WY, CO, NV and OR." [IFBC-E-flora]

Status: Native [E-flora]

Synonyms

References

Uses of Other Sp

Lomatium geyeri "The Biscuitroot is sometimes eaten raw, when it is said to have a celerylike flavor. Usually it is peeled, dried, then mashed or ground into a sort of flour and made into cakes. The cakes are said to have the taste of stale biscuits ; hence by the white people the plant was generally called Biscuitroot. The Indians sometimes made the cakes large enough to be strapped on the saddle and carried for miles on horseback and used when desired." [EWP]

"Lomatia silaifolia (Sm.) R. Br. (Proteaceae). wild parsley. The flowers of the wild parsley, when burned, produce smoke that has been reported to repel flies (McIndoo 1945)." [UAPDS]

"Suksdorfin from the fruit of Lomatium suksdorfii inhibits HIV infection in H9 cells with an EC 50 of 2.6 M but the mode of action of this coumarin appears to be different from inophyllums as it has no inhibitory effect on the enzyme RT (Lee et al., 1994)." [BCNS]

"Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Math. & Const. Chuchupate; pa' (B,I), chpa' (V). To stupefy rattlesnakes for capture, the root was chewed or soaked in water and the liquid applied to the hands, thrown on the snake's body, or squirted through a hollow tube into its mouth while the animal was held down with forked sticks; this was said to make the snake docile. Piece of root carried in the clothing for protection from rattlesnakes. Root chewed and applied as poultice for pain, rheumatism, sores; root decoction drunk for paralysis, rheumatism. [0]" [Ethchumash]

"The most commonly used Lomatium is Lomatium dissectum but several others can be used identically and are (usually) not considered endangered: L. ambiguum, L. bicolor, L.cous, L. foeniculaceum, L. grayi, L. macrocarpum, L. nudicaule, L. orientale, L. simplex, L. triternatum." [Buhner Antivirals]

References

Image References