Alisma plantago-aquatica - Water-plantain

Family: Alismataceae (Water-plantain family)

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Alisma trivale
^(Wikimedia)4

Other Names: (A. trivale) northern water plantain

"Alisma plantago-aquatica is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.9 m (3ft) by 0.5 m (1ft 8in).
It is hardy to zone (UK) 6. It is in flower from Jun to August, and the seeds ripen from Jul to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Flies.
Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers wet soil and can grow in water." ^[PFAF]

"Description: This is a perennial plant from fleshy, bulblike stems. The basal leaves are long stalked and egg shaped, and the flowers are white. Water plantain is usually found in marshes and ponds at lower elevations." ^{[Vizgirdas WPSN]}

Status;

• A.trivale = Native ^[E-flora]
• A.plantago-aquatica= Exotic ^[E-flora]

Similar Species (A. plantago-aquatica)

"This species is very similar to our native species of water-plantain. It may be separated by style and anther length and shape, petal and leaf shape, and achene morphology. Flower colour is usually pink or pinkish-purple while other species are white-flowered. See the key in Flora North America Online." ^[E-flora]

Introduction: (A.trivale)

"European water-plantain is an introduced emergent wetland species found along stream lake and pond edges that is native to Eurasia. It is now found in North America in Washington, Alaska (USDA 2010) and British Columbia. In British Columbia, it is reported from several locations, mostly in the southern half of the province." ^[E-flora]

"According to the BC Conservation Data Centre (2010) data files "In the past, the native North American species were lumped with this taxon, either as the same species or as variety americanum or triviale... It does appear however that plants with pinkish petals and slightly different styles and anthers are introduced plants of the Eurasian A. plantago-aquatica." Plants are up to 1 m in height. Leaves are broadly ovate to broadly lanceolate, flowers and fruits appear in late summer (Flora North America Online 2010)." ^[E-flora]

A. trivale;

Habitat / Range

"Shallow ponds, marshes and ditches in the lowland, steppe and montane zones; common in S BC south of 52degreeN; rare northward; E to NF and S to ME, VA, NE, NM, AZ and CA." ^[E-flora]

"Ditches, damp ground and shallow pond margins in water up to 15cm deep[13, 17, 24].Northern temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, Asia and America." ^[PFAF]

Hazards

"The seed is said to promote sterility. By contrast it is also said to promote conception [301]." ^[PFAF] "Prolonged use may cause GI irritation and gastroenterosis (AHP). Doses 20–40 times higher than clinical dose hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in rats (AHP).“Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) (but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Rhizome, most often used as a diuretic, should not be used when there is a clear, thin vaginal discharge. May cause more than usual excretion of sodium and urea in healthy subjects (TMA). LD50 = >4 g/kg orl mouse (LMP)" ^{[HMH Duke]}

• Toxin
  • "The fresh leaves and roots are toxic but the toxic principal is destroyed by heat or by drying[13, 46]." ^[PFAF] "The rootstock of Alisma has a bitter taste; it is poisonous when fresh." ^[PDR]

General Use

"Alisma. Alisma Plantago-aquatica, L. Water Plantain. Plantain d'eau. Pain de grenouilles, Fr. Froschloffel, Wasserwegerich, G. (Fam. Alis-maceae.)—A perennial herbaceous plant, common to Asia, Europe, and the United States. The root has, when fresh, an odor like that of Florentine orris, but loses it when dried. Its taste is acrid and nauseous. It contains a pungent volatile oil and an acrid resin, to which all its virtues must be ascribed. The Calmucks in Russia are said to use it for food. The leaves are rubefacient, and will sometimes even blister. They have been recommended in gravel and cystitis. Dose, a drachm (3.9 Gm.)." ^{[Remington USD20]}

Edible Uses

• Root
  • "Cooked[13, 46, 61, 74]. Rich in starch[114]. Caution is advised, the root is acrid if it is not dried or well cooked before use[2, 183]." ^[PFAF] "Roots are edible" ^[EMNMPV.9] "Alisma plantago Linn....The solid part of the root contains farinaceous matter and, when deprived of its acrid properties by drying, is eaten by the Calmucks." ^{[Sturtevant EPW]} "The starchy, bulbous bases of water plantain are edible as a starchy vegetable (potato) after drying. Drying is said to remove the strong flavor.^{[Vizgirdas WPSN]}
• Leaves & Petioles
  • "Must be thoroughly cooked. They require long boiling and have a salty flavour[105, 179]." ^[PFAF]
  • Tea "The leaves of Alisma plantago-aquatica, water-plantain, were used as tea by the French Canadian coureurs des bois (Rousseau and Raymond, 1945)." ^{[Turner, Kuhnlein]}

Medicinal Uses

• Leaves
  • "Antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, diaphoretic, diuretic, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive[4, 147, 176]. They are used in the treatment of cystitis, dysentery, renal calculus, gravel etc[4]. The fresh leaf is rubefacient[222]. It is used in the treatment of leprosy[218] and is also applied locally to bruises and swellings[4]." ^[PFAF]
• Dried Stem Bases
  • "eaten, or grated and taken with water in treating digestive disorders such as heartburn, cramps and stomach flu[257]." ^[PFAF]
• Seed
  • "The powdered seed is an astringent, used in cases of bleeding[4]. The seed is also said to promote sterility[218]." ^[PFAF]
• Root
  • "Contains an essential oil and has a wide range of medicinal uses[176, 218, 283]. It is antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, diuretic and hypotensive[176]. It is said to lower blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar levels[238] whilst it also has an antibacterial action on Staphylococcus, Pneumococci and Mycobacterium[176]. The root is used in the treatment of oliguria, oedema, nephritis, acute diarrhoea, cholesterolaemia and fatty liver[176]. It has been thought of as a cure for rabies, though this has not been substantiated[4]. The root is harvested before the plant comes into flower and is dried for later use[238]." ^[PFAF]
• Whole Plant
  • "is believed to promote conception[218]." ^[PFAF]
• Homeopathy
  • "A homeopathic remedy is obtained from the fresh root[4]." ^[PFAF]
• Indications
  • "Diseases of the bladder and urinary tract." ^[PDR]

Lore

"Though a highly valued folk herb in other parts of the world, Alisma plantagoaquatica appears to have had only a marginal presence in that capacity in the British Isles—and that only in Ireland.Apart from an unlocalised record of its use in the latter for a sore mouth,2 its juice has had a reputation in Londonderry as able to stop the spitting of blood.3" ^[MPFT]

Rabies: "By way of comparison Rostafiński cited information published in a Warsaw magazine that since 1849 three other plants had been used to treat rabies: white swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum officinale L.), star gentian (Gentiana cruciata L.) and liquorice milkvetch (Astragalus glycyphyllos L.). From one of the participants in the survey of 1883, the naturalist Władysław Dybowski (1833–1910), he obtained the information that the local people in Belarus also still used yet another species, the common water-plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.). These species, as Rostafiński noted, had been used against rabies since ancient times, as noted by Pliny and Dioscorides." ^{[Svanberg EE]}

Actions

"Chinese Medicine: The drug is used to lower blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels; it is also used as a diuretic." ^[PDR]

Antimalarial

"Consequently, in a preliminary screening of extracts from plants used as antimalarial remedies in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the ethyl acetate extract of Alisma plantago‐aquatica L. (Alismataceae) proved active against the P. falciparum K1 strain, with 77% growth inhibition at 4.9 μg/ml−1....As a result, four compounds were isolated and identified as protostane triterpenoids alisol A, alisol B 11‐monoacetate, alisol B 23‐monoacetate, and alisol G." ^{[Ullah NNPD]}

"Their IC50s against P. falciparum ranged from 5.4 to 13.8 μM. Historical records indicate that to control fever, the patient had to consume the medica- tion before infection sets in. Adams et al. restated, “Otto Brunsfels in his 1532 illustrated herbal ‘Contrafayt Kreüterbůch’ wrote: The frog spoon should be taken with theriak or its juice taken with honey water before the four day fevers start” [105]. This was the first report of antiplasmodial activity from protos- tane triterpenoids, and the first result of a project based on screening for anti- protozoal natural products from remedies used in European Renaissance medicine within the Swiss Tropical Institute [106]. This can be compared to diterpenes isolated by Kalauniet et al. from Caesalpinia crista [107]: norcaesal- pinin E (28), a C‐17‐norcassane‐type diterpene with an acetoxyl group at C‐1 and a hydroxyl group at C‐7, showed the most potent activity (IC50 = 0.090 mM), which was superior to chloroquine (IC50 = 0.29 mM)." ^{[Ullah NNPD]}

Phytochemicals

• "Triterpenes: including alisol-A, alisol-B, alisol-C and their 3 monoacetates" ^[PDR]
  
• "Sesquiterpenes (guaian type): alismol, alismol oxide" ^[PDR]
  
• "Flavone sulfate" ^[PDR]
  
• "Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid sulfate" ^[PDR]

Cultivation

"Succeeds in a sunny position in boggy ground or shallow water up to 25cm deep²⁰⁰. Plants often self-sow aggressively when in a suitable position^1,56. The subspecies A. plantago-maritima orientale. Sam. is the form used medicinally in China¹⁷⁶. The subspecies A. plantago-maritima parviflorum (Syn A. parviflorum, A. subcordatum) is the form used medicinally in America²²². Plants are very attractive to slugs^K." ^[PFAF]

Wildlife: "Young leaves may be eaten by some waterbirds, seed rarely." ^{[Romanowski PWAD]} "Water plantain also furnishes food for waterbirds and muskrats." ^{[Vizgirdas WPSN]}

Remediation: Water plantain has "considerable water treatment potential as they respond rapidly to high nutrient levels" ^{[Romanowski PWAD]}

Propagation

"Seed - best sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe. Place the pot in about 3cm of water to keep the soil wet. Pot up the seedlings when large enough to handle and keep in the cold frame for the first winter, planting out in late spring. Division in spring or autumn. Fairly easy, the divisions can be planted straight out into their permanent positions." ^[PFAF]

"Seed has at least a three month dormancy period, and will germinate in shallow water but comes up more uniformly on waterlogged mud. It is reputed to lose viability within 12 months..." ^{[Romanowski PWAD]}

Synonyms

Alisma triviale . A. parviflorum. A. subcordatum. ^[PFAF]

A.Trivale;

• Alisma brevipes Greene
• Alisma plantago-aquatica
• Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. brevipes (Greene) Samuelsson
• Alisma plantago-aquatica var. americanum Schult.
• Alisma plantago-aquatica var. brevipes (Greene) Victorin
• Alisma plantago-aquatica var. triviale ^[E-flora]

A.plantago-aquatica;

• Alisma brevipes Greene
• Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. brevipes (Greene) Sam.
• Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. subcordatum (Raf.) Hultén
• Alisma plantago-aquatica var. americanum Schult.
• Alisma plantago-aquatica var. brevipes (Greene) Victorin
• Alisma plantago-aquatica var. parviflorum (Pursh) Torr.
• A. parviflorum. A. subcordatum. A. triviale. Pursh. ^[E-flora]

References

1. E-flora BC
   • A. trivale; http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Alisma%20triviale&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Jan 25, 2015
   • A.plantago-aquatica; http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Alisma%20plantago-aquatica&redblue=Both&lifeform=7, Jan 25, 2015
2. [Duke] http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/ethnobot.pl?Alisma%20plantago-aquatica, Accessed Dec 23, 2014
3. [Duke2]http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=50, Accessed Dec 23, 2014
4. http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alisma+plantago-aquatica, Accessed Feb 3, 2015

Alisma Sp. - Water-plantain

"Perennial herb; roots not septate; flowers bisexual. Leaf: blade linear to ovate, tapered to base or petioled, base tapered to truncate, rounded, or ± lobed. Inflorescence: peduncle generally smooth; pedicels < 45 mm in fruit. Flower: receptacle ± flat; sepals generally 1–4 mm; petals entire to ± cut, white or pink; stamens generally 6; pistils many, free, in 1 whorl on margin of ± flat receptacle. Fruit: body generally 1.5–3 mm, erect, generally strongly compressed, lateral walls opaque to translucent, abaxially thin-ridged; beak < body, generally lateral.
± 9 species: generally northern temperate. (Greek: ancient name) North American species need study." ^[Jepson]

Identification and Taxonomic Notes

1. Leaf blades broadly lanceolate to egg-shaped; petals usually white.............Alisma triviale
1. Leaf blades linear, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate; petals pink, pinkish or white.
2. Inflorescence overtopping the leaves; petals 4.5-6.5 mm long, pink or sometimes purplish-pink..............Alisma lanceolatum
2. Inflorescence usually not overtopping the leaves; petals 2.5-3.5 mm long, pink or white.........Alisma gramineum ^[E-flora]

Dichotomous Key: "The keys to species of Alisma and Sagittaria are based to a considerable extent on the form of the leaves, and if you try both genera you may be able to determine the species." ^{[Kozloff PWO]}

Local Species;

1. Alisma lanceolatum - lance-leaved water-plantain [Limited Range]
2. Alisma plantago-aquatica - Water-plantain
   • Alisma Trivale - American Water Plantain

Mycorrhizal Status

• Alisma lanceolatum = AM (Arbuscular mycorrhizal) + NM (Non-mycorrhizal) ^(wang2006)
• Alisma plantago-aquatica = AM + NM ^(wang2006)
• Alisma subcordatum = Weak AM ^(wang2006)
• Alisma triviale = AM ^(wang2006)

Use of Various Sp.

"Alisma species (2) (Water Plantain Family) Water Plantain, Mud Plantain Preparation and Uses: The starchy, bulbous bases of the plant are edible. They have a very strong taste when fresh and should be allowed to dry thoroughly, after which they may be used as a starchy vegetable." ^{[Kirk WEP]}

"Alisma cordifolia Thunb.; A. orientalis (Sam.) Juzep.; A. plantago L.; A. plantago-aquatica L. - Ze Xie (Water plantain) - (stem, root) Alisol A, alisol B, polysaccharide, alisol monoacetate, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, glucan, epialisol A (essential oil)" - "Lower hypercholesteremia, treat hypertriglyceride, immunologic activities, anti-complementary, antiallergic." ^[CRNAH]

"4. Cheqianzi (Plantago asiatica) (Plantain)
Chinese name: 车前子. Pharmaceutical name: Semen Plantaginis.
Part Used: ripe seed.
Flavor/Nature: sweet; cold.
Meridian Affinity: Kidney, Liver and Lung Meridians.
Actions: drains water, alleviates urethritis, stops diarrhea, clears the liver, brightens the eyes, clears the lung and dissolves Phlegm.
Indications: (1) Difficulty with urination and edema. (2) Urethritis. (3) Diarrhea due to summer heat and Dampness. (4) Inflammation of the eyes and cataract with dimming and blurring of vision. (5) Heat in the lung with cough and much sputum.
Dosage/Administration: 5–10 g. Wrap in cloth to decoct.
Cautions/Contraindications: Caution in Yin deficiency and fluid insufficiency." ^{[Liu ECM]}

"857. (1) Alisma subcordatum; (2) AMERICAN WATER- PLANTAIN; (3) alismataceae; ....; (6) gastrointestinal disturbances, skin ailments; (8) Cherokee" ^{[CRC Eth]}

Alisma subcordatum Raf. - Traditional Uses: "Skin infections/slow healing wounds" ^{[Ramzan PESR]}

Alisma gramineum Lej.

Range: "The native range of this species is Temp. Northern Hemisphere. It is a perennial or helophyte and grows primarily in the temperate biome." ^(POWO,2026)

Medicinal Use

"853. (1) Alisma gramineum; (2) NARROW-LEAF WATER- PLANTAIN; (3) alismataceae; (4) Badlands National Park, Egypt; (5) astringent, diuretic; (6) nephritis, rabies, scurvy; (9) poison" ^{[CRC Eth]}

References

• POWO,2026 - Alisma gramineum Lej., https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77097302-1, Accessed Feb 15, 2026

Alisma Orientale

This name is a synonym of Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale ^{(POWO,2026)(WFO,2026)}

Synonyms: "Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. orientale Sam., Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. orientale (Sam.) Sam." ^{[Wiart LC]}

Habitat/Range: "This aquatic herb is found in the marshes, ponds, rivers and lakes of China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Mongolia, Russia, India, Nepal, Burma and Vietnam." ^{[Wiart LC]}

Medicinal Use

"In Japan the plant is used as a diuretic and to treat inflammation." ^{[Wiart LC]} "Rhizoma Alismatis, is the dry rhizome of Aiisma orientalis (Sam.) Jrizep. (Alismataceae). This official herbal drug is used in traditional Chinese medicine as a diuretic in the treatment of oliguresis and edema. It is also used to treat hyperlipidemia." ^{[Tang CDPO]}

Lowering blood lipid; "Alisma tea: Alisma orientale and Jasmine green tea, infused with boiling water (Mao, 1996)." ^{[Zhen Tea]}

"Oriental Water plantain Rhizome It is the tuber of Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep. (Alismataceae). Effed. Promoting urination and excreting dampness, purging heat. Indication. Edema, dysuria, diarrhea, strangury with turbid urine, leukorrhagia, etc." ^{[Xinrong TCM]}

TCM Actions (Alisma orientale): disinhibit water and percolate damp, drain heat and free strangury, lower blood sugar levels, lower cholesterol, diarrhea, emission, heat strangury with inhibited pain, hyperlipemia, inhibited urination, phlegm-rheum dizziness. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V6]}

Alisma orientalis/rhizome - Ethanol extract - Cancer type: "Hepatocarcinoma (HepG2- DR and K562-DR). Multidrug resistant (over-expressed P-glycoprotein)" - Activity/Mechanism of action: "Synergistic growth inhibitory effect with cancer drugs" (Fong et al. 2007) ^{[Rai MPBD]}

"3 Zexie (Alisma plantago-aquatica, orientale) (Water Plantain)
Chinese name: 泽泻. Pharmaceutical name: Rhizoma Alismatis.
Part Used: stalk tuber.
Flavor/Nature: sweet, bland; cold.
Meridian Affinity: Kidney and Bladder Meridians.
Actions: drains water, dissipates Dampness and purges Fire.
Indications: (1) Difficulty with urination and edema. (2) Diarrhea. (3) Urethritis. (4) Vaginal discharge. (5) Accumulation of Rheum and Dampness.
Dosage/Administration: 5–10 g.
Cautions/Contraindications: Caution in Yin deficiency and fluid insufficiency." ^{[Liu ECM]}

^{[Hostettmann HCBPAM]}

^{[Smith PK]}

^{[Houghton EHMP]}

"4.4.5 Choreito (Zhu-Ling-Tang) Choreito has been used for urinary frequency, feeling of residual urine, hematuria. Choreito consist of five components (Asini corii colla, Talc stone, Alisma rhizome, Polyporus sclerotium, Poria sclerotium), and is used as a diuresis of the kidney, and bladder, as well as in the treatment of uropathy. Oral administration of Choreito suppressed urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BHBN)/sodium saccharin (SS) in rats (Sugiyama, et al., 1994). Of the components of Choreito, Polyporus sclerotium seems to be a key component in its inhibitory activity in the bladder tumor promotion test." ^{(Ken Yaukawa (2012)}

Phytochemistry

"The plant harbors a compelling array of protostane triterpenes: alisols A and B,...In addition, the plant manufactures the guaiane sesquiterpene alismol, alismoxide, orientalols A–C and D, alismoxide 10-O-methyl ether, orientalols E and F, alismorientols A and B, the germacrane sesquiterpenes germacrene C and D, the eudesmane sesquiterpene eudesma-4(14)-en-1β6α-diol and the kaurane diterpene 16R-(−)-kaurane-2,12-dione." ^{[Wiart LC]} "Six triterpenes were isolated from the rhizome of A. orientalis: alisol A (10-1), alisol A monoacetate (10-2) [1-3], alisol B (10-3), alisol B monoacetate (10-4) [1, 2, 4], alisol C monoacetate (10-5) [4], and epi-arisol A (10-6) [1]." ^{[Tang CDPO]}

"Pharmacological study of alisol B and derivatives for the treatment of cancer."

"Emerging evidence points to the fact that alisol-type protostane triterpenes are of chemotherapeutic value. Alisol B (CS 2.83) was cytotoxic to human ovary adenocarcinoma (SK-OV-3), murine melanoma (B16F10) and human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells,... Alisol B acetate (CS 2.84), alisol B and alisol A 24-acetate (CS 2.85) inhibited the survival of human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells..." ^{[Wiart LC]}

"Alisol B acetate inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer (PC-3) cells,... Note that alisol B acetate is a strong antioxidant196 that probably reduces the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are chronically present in cancer cells..." ^{[Wiart LC]}

11-Deoxyalisol A C₃₀H₅₀O₄ (474.73). Colorless powder. Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V2]}

13β,17β-Epoxyalisol A C₃₀H₅₀O₆ (506.73). Colorless powder. Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 2213. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V2]}

13β,17β-Epoxyalisol A 24-acetate C₃₂H₅₂O₇ (548.77). Colorless needles, mp 262~263ºC. Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 2213. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V2]}

2-Furaldehyde Furan-2-carboxaldehyde [98-01-1] C₅H₄O₂ (96.09). bp 162ºC. Source: ... ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale], ZI CAI Porphyra tenera. Ref: 2, 6, 660. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V2]}

Neoalisol C30H48O5 (488.71). Colorless powder, mp 211ºC. Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 2202. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Oriediterpenol C20H32 2 214~216ºC, [α]D20 = −5.17º (c = 0.5, MeOH). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 2246. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Oriediterpenoside C25H40 6 [α]D20 = −27.53º (c = 0.5, MeOH). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 2246. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Orientalol A [147368-34-1] C15H26O3 (254.37). Oil, [α]D20 = 0º (c = 0.83, MeOH). Pharm: Bladder smooth muscle relaxant (gpg, in vitro, induced by carbacholine, 100μmol/L, contractive rate = 44.3%). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 2879, 2880, 5501. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Orientalol B [147368-35-2] C15H26O3 (254.37). Oil, [α]D20 = 0º (c = 0.83, MeOH). Pharm: Bladder smooth muscle relaxant (gpg, in vitro, induced by carbacholine, 100μmol/L, contractive rate = 39.4%). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 2879, 2880, 5501. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Orientalol C 6,7-Epoxy-10(14)-guaien-4-ol [147511-74-8] C15H24O2 (236.36). Oil, [α]D20 = +2.5º (c = 0.56, MeOH). Pharm: Bladder smooth muscle relaxant (gpg, in vitro, induced by carbacholine, 100μmol/L, contractive rate = 52.1%). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 2880, 5501. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Orientalol E Colorless prisms, mp 140~142ºC, [α]D25 = +5.2º (c = 0.5, MeOH) Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Orientalol E 1,4-trans-7β,10β-Epoxy-4α,6α-dihydroxyguaiane C15H26O3 (254.37). Oil. Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 2149. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Orientalol F 6β-Hydroxy-7α,10α-epoxyguaiane-4,5-ene C15H24O2 (236.36). Pale yellow oil, [α]D25 = +4.3º (c = 0.5, MeOH). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale]. Ref: 3416. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Sulfoorientalol C [150975-28-3] C15H24O4S (300.42). White powder, [α]D22 = ±0º. Pharm: Bladder smooth muscle relaxant (gpg, in vitro, induced by carbacholine). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale] (tuber: content = 0.0002%[5501]). Ref: 987, 5501. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Sulfoorientalol D [151171-37-8] C15H26O5S (318.43). White powder, [α]D22 = ±0.9º (c = 0.9, methanol). Pharm: Bladder smooth muscle relaxant (gpg, in vitro, induced by carbacholine, 100μmol/L, contractive rate 46.2%). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale] (tuber: content = 0.0004%[5501]). Ref: 987, 988, 5501. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Sulfoorientalol A [151171-36-7] C15H26O4S (302.44). White powder, [α]D22 = ±0º (c = 1.0, methanol). Pharm: Bladder smooth muscle relaxant (gpg, in vitro, induced by carbacholine, 100μmol/L, contractive rate = 52%). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale] (tuber: content = 0.002%[5501]). Ref: 987, 988, 5501. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

Sulfoorientalol B [151171-38-9] C15H26O5S (318.43). White powder, [α]D22 = ±0º (c = 1.0, methanol). Pharm: Bladder smooth muscle relaxant (gpg, in vitro, induced by carbacholine, 100μmol/L, contractive rate = 51.3%). Source: ZE XIE Alisma orientale [Syn. Alisma plantago-aquatica var. orientale] (tuber: content = 0.0008%[5501]). Ref: 987, 988, 5501. ^{[Encyclopedia of TCM V4]}

References

1. [Jepson] Charles E. Turner, Robert R. Haynes & C. Barre Hellquist, 2012. Alisma triviale, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=12464, accessed on Oct 14 2013
2. (Ken Yaukawa (2012) Yasukawa, Ken. "Medicinal and edible plants as cancer preventive agents." Drug Discovery Research in Pharmacognosy (2012): 181-208.
3. (POWO,2026) Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz., The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2026. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/ , https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:58233-1< Accessed Feb 15, 2026
4. (WFO,2026) Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. Published on the Internet;http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000755460. Accessed on: 15 Feb 2026
5. (Xia,2010) Xia, Ning, et al. "Prunella vulgaris L. Upregulates eNOS expression in human endothelial cells." The American journal of Chinese medicine 38.03 (2010): 599-611.

Alisma lanceolatum - lance-leaved water-plantain

General: "Perennial aquatic herb from a corm-like stem-base and a fibrous root; stems 15-100 cm tall." ^[E-flora]

Habitat / Range "Pond margins, shorelines and ditches in the lowland zone; rare in SW BC, known only from the lower Fraser Valley; introduced from Europe." ^[E-flora]

Origin Status: Exotic ^[E-flora]

References

• [E-flora]

Image References

• 1, Alisma gramineum, Gary Larson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS. 1992. Western wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. West Region, Sacramento, CA., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
• 2, Alisma gramineum, Karelj, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
• 3, Alisma gramineum, Tom Scavo, CC BY 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

• 1, Alisma lanceolatum, Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
• 2, Alisma lanceolatum, Stefan.lefnaer, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
• 3, Alisma lanceolatum, Gordon Leppig & Andrea J. Pickart, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

• 1, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Rudolphous, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
• 2, Alisma plantago-aquatica, H. Zell, CC BY-SA 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
• 3, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Carl Axel Magnus Lindman, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
• 4, Alisma triviale, R. A. Nonenmacher, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

Journals of Interest

• Matthews DJ; Moran BM and Otte ML (2005) Screening the wetland plant species Alisma plantago- aquatica, Carex rostrata and Phalaris arundinacea for innate tolerance to zinc and comparison with Eriophorum angustifolium and Festuca rubra Merlin. Environ Pollut 134: 343-351
• Jinqiancao (Glechoma), cheqianzi (Plantago), zexie (Alisma) and zhuling (Polyporus) can all be used to treat difficult and painful urination. Compare their suitability and usage.

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