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[wikimedia]2Family: Peltigeraceae [E-flora]
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Status: Native [E-flora]
"Habitat: Common over soil, moss, duff or logs in open to somewhat sheltered sites throughout, except probably absent in hypermaritime regions" (LBC)[E-flora]
World Distribution: circumpolar." (LBC)[E-flora]
"Cell walls may constitute a significant fraction of the dry weight of a lichen (Boissiere 1987), particularly in species with high C to N ratios such as Lasallia pustulata (Palmqvist et al. 1998), where 68% of the dry weight could be attributed to the cell wall (Boissiere 1987). In this species, chitin constituted 5.5% (w:w) of all wall components. In contrast, in the Nostoc lichen, Peltigera canina, which has a significantly lower thallus C to N ratio, only 36% of the dry weight could be attributed to cell wall compounds, with chitin constituting 13% (w:w). This difference in chitin concentration in relation to other cell wall compounds further emphasizes that the relative C to N requirements of different tissues may vary significantly depending on the lichen species." [LichBio2]
"The majority of lichens consist of a fungus and a green alga, but around 10% contain a cyanobacterial partner either as sole photobiont, or in combination with a green alga (Rikkinen 2002; Adams 2011). In the cyanolichens Peltigera canina and Leptogium corniculatum, a fungal arginase acts as a lectin by binding to a polygalactosylated urease in the cell wall of the Nostoc cyanobiont (Diaz et al. 2009; Vivas et al. 2010). Lectin binding may also be important in the unique cyanobacteria–fungus association G. pyriformis (Adams et al. 2006), as mannose-specific lectin ConA shows changes in its binding during the Nostoc life cycle, with strong binding only to so-called primordia, which are hormogonia that have lost motility and are beginning to develop heterocysts (Kluge et al. 2002; Adams et al. 2006). Primordia are also the only stage which can be engulfed by the fungus to establish the symbiosis, implying that Nostoc extracellular glycoconjugates could be important in recognition." [Perotto SCPS]
"The foliose Peltigera canina is used to treat liver complaints and formerly to treat rabies" [Wikens, EB]
"liverwort herb. O n e of two herbs: Hepatica americana, an American plant, or Peltigera Canina, a European lichen. Both used in similar manners to tonify, cleanse, and enhance the function of the liver." [Buhner SHHB]
" (1) Peltigera canina; (2) LIVERWORT; (5) purga- tive; (12) Used as a laxative but if taken in strong 19315. dcses it is a purgative." [CRC Eth]
"Peltigera sp., mixed with 2 drachms of black pepper, for 4-d, in half- pint of warm milk, was used for rabies or hydrophobia. Linnaeus named Peltigera, in 1753 as Lichen caninus (the Dog Lichen) as it has rhizines on the lower surface that resembles teeth, hence a specific epithet of canina." [HPEP]
"In traditional medicine, Peltigera canina (L.) Willd is used as liver tonic and laxative." [HPEP]
"In the fifteenth century A.D. lichens constituted an important commer- cial article in Europe. In the eighteenth century Peltigera canina was sold as pulvus antilyssus,..." [Ahmadjian Lichens]
"With fruit-bodies resembling dogs’ teeth, Peltigera canina was long regarded as a supposedly certain specific antidote to the bite of a rabid dog or of result- ing hydrophobia.The lichen is said to have been still in widespread use for that in the early nineteenth century in the Snowdonia area of Caernarvonshire, where it was dried, reduced to a black powder and mixed with black pepper.30" [MPFT]
"Nostoc has been directly isolated from two lichens. The isolate from Pelti gera polydactyla released principally glucose (Drew and Smith, 1967a) while the isolate from Peltigera canina released other substances as well (Green, 1970) (Table VI). This may be due to a different strain of alga, more sensitive detection techniques, or differences in treatment of the thallus homogenate." [Ahmadjian Lichens]
(β- Glucans) lichenan - Lichens, Cetraria islandica/ Umbilicaria proboscidea/ Thamnolia vermicularis var. subuliformis/Peltigera canina - Immunomodulating Activity (Vester Boler and Fahey 2011) [Egbuna FFN]
Antitumor Activity: "The orcinol derivatives tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate present in the extract of Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln. (Peltigeraceae) exhibited in vitro inhibitory activity against 15- lipoxygenase from soybeans. A correlation has been observed between 5-lipoxygenase inhibition and antiproliferative effects for related lichen metabolites. On this account, tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate were further tested for antiproliferative activity on cultured human breast, pancreatic and colon cancer cell lines. Methyl orsellinate lacked antiproliferative activity but tenuiorin depicted moderate activity." [HPEP]
"To what extent rhizines can transport dissolved mineral or organic metabolites from the substrate to the thallus has not yet been established. Probably there is some correlation between the type of rhizine and its ability to transport water which varies considerably. For example, the compact rhizines of Parmelia are not quickly wetted by water while the treelike rhizines of Peltigera function like a wick." [Ahmadjian Lichens]
"Because Peltigera canina and other species of Peltigera (Smyth, 1934; Ellee, 1938; Butin, 1954) and Parmelia caperata (Neubauer, 1938) have a loose thallus structure, C 0 2 exchange can occur when they are fully soaked." [Ahmadjian Lichens]
"The maximum saturated water content of lichens under natural conditions is achieved only during rain showers and for short periods thereafter. According to Stocker (1927) and other investigators, lichens do not achieve their maximum water saturation after a heavy, but short rain because water streams down from their thalli. Thus, even during humid periods, lichens are almost always in a state of insufficient saturation. The peculiarity of their gas-exchange processes is closely connected with this ecological property.... The highest optimum water content (90%) for photosynthesis, except for aquatic lichens, was that for Peltigera canina, which lacks a lower cortex and has a friable medulla." [Ahmadjian Lichens]
"Another, unrelated, effect of lichen products on soil chemistry was reported by Pyatt (1967). He established that an exudate of Peltigera canina can inhibit the growth and germination of certain vascular plants, thus influencing competition and succession in certain habitats. This was borne out by field observations." [Ahmadjian Lichens]
"In experiments with Umbilicaria spp, Larson (1981) showed that rhi- zines, the lower surface of the thallus, and cortical lamellae on the lower surface of U. muhlenbergii are all important sites of water uptake, but that surface papules and isidia are not. In contrast, rhizines of Peltigera canina apparently play little role in water uptake and storage." [Longton BPB]
References
Image References
Family: Peltigeraceae [E-flora]
"All but one of the 30 Peltigera species reported for North America are known to occur in B.C. Peltigera is a taxonomically rather difficult genus containing a number of species groups that are not yet satisfactorily elucidated. Chemistry is highly variable in this group; though thin-layer chromatography may help to identify some species, spot test reactions do not." (LBC) [Wickens, EB]
"Although most lichens are terrestrial, a few occur in freshwater streams (e.g. Peltigera hydrothyria ) and others occur in the marine intertidal zone (e.g. Lichina spp. and the Verrucaria maura group)." [LichBio2]
"The autotrophic component of lichens (photobiont) normally occurs in a narrow zone between the cortex and medulla, but in genera such as Collema and Mastodia it forms the principal structure of the thallus. Unicellular green algae, including species of Trebouxia, are most common but Nostoc spp and other cyanobacteria also occur. Genera such as Peltigera and Stereocaulon contain both green algae and cyanobacteria, the latter confined to swollen cephalodia." [Longton BPB]
"Very preliminary evidence suggests that dehydrins may play a role in desiccation tolerance of the lichen Peltigera horizontalis (Schulz 1995), but much more work is needed to assess the role of dehydrins in the desiccation tolerance of lichens." [LichBio2]
"Peltigeralean lichens are generally more sensitive to desiccation than other lichens (Beckett et al. 2003). They are likely to produce more ROS during desiccation stress, and therefore need more protection from oxidative stress. Thus for some lichens, the breakdown of H2O2 by tyrosinases may defend lichens against the harmful effects of desiccation-induced ROS." [LichBio2]
"While we know that lichens can acclimate their photosynthetic and respiratory apparatus to work optimally under changing environmental conditions (Kershaw 1985; Lange and Green 2005), work on the acclimation of lichens to stresses such as desiccation is just beginning. Recently, Beckett et al. (2005b) successfully hardened the lichen Peltigera polydactylon to desiccation stress by slowly dehydrating thalli to a water content of c. 65% that of full turgor for three days, and then storing them fully hydrated for a further one day. This treatment significantly improved the ability of thalli to recover net photosynthesis during rehydration after desiccation for 15 but not 30 days". [LichBio2]
"Variation in thallus hydration status may affect the efficiency of carbohydrate translocation in different ways, depending on the species. For instance, in the Nostoc lichen Peltigera polydactyla, mannitol formation was significantly enhanced when water contents were increased (MacFarlane and Kershaw 1982); whereas alternating drying and wetting was required for polyol metabolism and translocation in the Trebouxia lichen Hypogymnia physodes (Farrar 1976b)." [LichBio2]
"As with any organisms the accumulation and processing of both macro- nutrients and micronutrients essential for life’s physiological functions are critical to the growth and development of lichens. The fact that lichens do not possess roots, the efficient nutrient absorption system of vascular plants, has led to major dependence on atmospheric sources of nutrients instead of the soil pool exploited by vascular plants (Nieboer et al. 1978), although some soil uptake by terricolous Peltigera species has been demonstrated (Goyal and Seaward 1982)." [LichBio2]
"Once established, Cladonia stellaris, Stereocaulon paschale and other fruticose lichens remain dominant throughout the lichen phase. Where closure of the tree canopy occurs the lichens are largely replaced by bryophytes, notably the weft-forming mosses Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi, associated with foliose lichens such as Peltigera spp." [Longton BPB]
"All species of Peltigera associate with the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc, which is probably the most widely distributed ‘blue–green alga’ in the world. Some also have a eukaryotic algal photobiont. Because of their dual abilities to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and photosynthesise, such lichens are crucial primary colonisers and actually start the process of soil formation." [Moore 21stFungi]
Cephalodiate Lichens and Photosymbiodemes: "Photosymbiodeme producing species are known from several lecanoralean genera (Lobaria, Nephroma,Peltigera, Pseudocyphellaria, and Sticta). As a whole, however, photosymbiodemes are quite rare and most cephalodiate lichens do not seem to produce chimeroid thalli." [Rai CS]
Foliose Cyanolichens: Both the form and size of thallus lobes are often quite characteristic for specific
cyanolichen taxa. Some foliose cyanolichens, like Parmeliella, produce relatively small
thalli with narrow and small thallus lobes. Others, like species of Lobaria and Peltigera,
may produce very large, wide-lobed thalli. The thalli of most foliose cyanolichens are
heteromerous and have a well developed cortex on the upper surface. Below the cortex
there is a more or less uniform cyanobiont layer followed by a medulla of loosely
intertwined hyphae. Some foliose cyanolichens, like Collema, produce gelatinous,
homoiomerous thalli without a specialised cortex, medulla or photobiont layer. Other
gelatinous forms, like Leptogium, have a thin cortex on the outer surface.
The lower surface of foliose cyanolichens may either be corticated, like in
Nephroma, or ecorticate, like in Peltigera. Most species attach to their substrate with
rhizines. In some taxa, like in species of Coccocarpia, entangled rhizines may project
far beyond the thallus margins and form an extensive hypothallus. The thalli of some
single-lobed and squamulose cyanolichens, like species of Peltula and Peltularia, attach
to their substrate with single, usually central holdfasts and are thus more or less peltate." [Rai CS]
" In some cyanolichens thallus aeration takes place through less specialized,
multifunctional openings, such as soralia. Others, like species of Peltigera, lack the
lower cortex altogether.
Cortex structure can vary considerably between closely related lichen species and
even between different parts of a single thallus. Many examples of this can be seen in
Peltigera (Vitikainen, 1994; Dietz et al., 2000). In some cyanolichens the cortex surface
is formed by dead hyphae." [Rai CS]
"Water transport within heteromerous lichens is largely a function of the mycobiont.
The water-repellent surfaces of medullary hyphae help to maintain a gaseous
environment within the medulla. Thus, the medulla of a tripartite Peltigera species, for
example, remains air-filled even at water saturation (Honegger and Hugelshofer, 2000).
The outer wall layers of thick medullary hyphae may hold large amounts of weakly
perturbed water. This, together with the general lack of liquid water within the
interhyphal spaces of fully hydrated lichens, indicates that apoplastic water transport
takes place under the hydrophobic surface layers of medullary hyphae. However, the
hyphae of some cyanolichens, like Nephroma resupinatum, have relatively thin walls
and therefore, may not be very efficient in apoplastic water transport (Scheidegger,
1994).
Some lichens produce specialized strands of intertwined and conglutinated hyphae
which can conduct water from the thallus surface to the photobiont cells. For example,
the corticated cephalodia on the upper surface of tripartite Peltigera thalli may be
connected to the ecorticate lower surface by strands of hydrophilic hyphae (Honegger
and Hugelshofer, 2000). Water is absorbed and translocated by capillary forces along
these tomental strands. As a result, the cephalodial cyanobionts have effective access to
substrate moisture." [Rai CS]
"Studies of cyanobiont diversity have recently indicated that many old-growth associated cyanolichens depend on a specific group of symbiotic Nostoc strains that are not found in other types of cyanolichens (Fig. 8). These lichens exploit a common pool of cyanobacteria and form a horizontally linked system, the ‘Nephroma guild’. Conversely, many predominately terrestrial cyanolichens in the same forests share a different group of closely related Nostoc strains, thus forming the ‘Peltigera guild’. These two cyanolichen guilds meet on the basal trunks of broad-leaf trees and probably represent a fair proportion of similar guilds in boreal forests (Rikkinen, Oksanen and Lohtander, unpublished results)." [Rai CS]
"The cyanobionts of all Peltigera species belong to the same main group of symbiotic Nostoc strains (Lohtander, Oksanen and Rikkinen, unpublished results). However, this group is quite diverse and there are major differences in the cyanobiont spectra of individual Peltigera species. For example, P. venosa has exhibited a higher level of cyanobiont diversity than any other lichen species studied so far. Conversely, only two different Nostoc strains have been found from both P. aphthosa and P. britannica (Paulsrud and Lindblad, 1998; Paulsrud et al., 1998, 2000, 2001). This indicates that there may be a stepwise increase in cyanobiont specificity from sect. Phlebia to Peltidea, and finally to Chloropeltigera. This could, in turn, explain some group specific differences in the establishment of cephalodia and in the tendency to produce photosymbiodemes." [Rai CS]
"Herbal medicine texts included accounts of several species of lichens including Cladonia, Evernia, Lobaria, Parmelia, Peltigera, Pertusaria, Physica, Rocella, Usnea and Xanthoria (Pérez-Llano 1944) During the Middle Ages, lichens figured prominently in herbals used by practitioners (Malhotra et al. 2009)." [Rai MPBD]
"Peltigera sp., mixed with 2 drachms of black pepper, for 4 d, in half-pint of warm milk, was used for rabies or hydrophobia. In 1753, Linnaeus named Peltigera as Lichen caninus (the Dog Lichen) as it has rhizines on the lower surface that resemble teeth, hence the specific epithet of canina. In traditional medicine, Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. is used as a liver tonic and laxative. In Ireland, Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Wiild. was used as a vermifuge." [Rai MPBD]
"Crude fibre content was low in lichens on Svalbard (10-17%), with comparable levels in several lichens at Inuvik and in northern Saskat- chewan (Scotter, 1965, 1972; Staaland etai, 1983). In contrast, Scotter's studies suggested that crude fibre ranges from 20-35% in Peltigera spp and 30-70% in Cladonia spp, the latter being considerably above the levels common in vascular plants. Crude fibre is generally regarded as roughage of little food value, but in lichens it apparently includes significant amounts of the readily digestible carbohydrates lichenin and isolichenin (Scotter, 1972)." [Longton BPB]
"Obviously, because of the exterior resemblance, Lobaria pulmonaria has been used for pulmonary tuberculosis and cough and Peltigera aphthosa as remedy for infantile aphthae." [Ahmadjian Lichens]
"STEROIDS. Ergosterol, fungisterol, and B-sitosterol (102) occur in very low concentrations in some lichens. Recently ergosterol peroxide has been found in Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. and P. dolichorrhiza (Nyl.) Nyl." [Ahmadjian Lichens]
"The amino acid sarcosin is involved in the regulation of GS activity in the cyanophilic lichen Peltigera praetextata (Hallbom, 1984)." [Kannaiyan BB]
"Under seminatural condi- tions, the amount of gyrophoric acid and methyl gyrophorate was reported to increase by an average of 6.7–22.3 times, respectively, in Peltigera didactyla with an increase in temperature of 3 C (Bjerke et al. 2003)." [Rankovic LSM]
"It has then been found that prominent epiphytic species such as Lobaria oregana (Rhoades 1977), Lobaria pulmonaria (Muir et al. 1997) and Ramalina menziesii (Boucher and Nash 1990a), may increase in biomass by some 30–50% in a year. Similar high growth rates have also been recorded for terricolous Peltigera and Nephroma species (Sundberg et al. 2001; Dahlman and Palmqvist 2003), and for the cushion-forming species Cladonia portentosa (Hyva¨rinen and Crittenden 1998a) and Cladina stellaris (Gaio- Oliveira et al. 2006)." [LichBio2]
"Differences in both enzyme patterns and CO2 exchange responses have been detected between morphologically similar populations of Peltigera rufescens from temperate and mild-Arctic sites in Canada. Even here, however, the occurrence of genetic variation remains to be confirmed, as the results could conceivably be caused by differences in the environmental history of the plants (Brown & Kershaw, 1985)." [Longton BPB]
"Regarding photosynthetic capacity, NAR was found to be substantially higher in young, marginal lobes than in older material of Peltigera polydactyla (Kershaw, 1977b), and Armstrong (1979) showed that removal of the central region of Parmelia conspersa thalli had no significant effect on radial expansion which thus appeared to be independent of assimilate from the centre. In contrast, no gradients in NAR were detected across thalli of Umbilicaria spp (Larson, 1983b), but here each thallus remains permanently attached to the substratum by a central stipe so that maintenance of older parts of the thallus is essential." [Longton BPB]
"Such entrapment of metallic-rich particles is doubtlessly responsible for some of the extremely high elemental loadings reported in the literature. For example, Tomassini et al. (1976) measured Ni concentrations (mg g 1) from 220 to 310; Fe, from 1700 to 5200; and Cu, up to 250. Similarly, in the vicinity of a steel complex in England, Seaward (1973) reports concentrations (mg g 1) in Peltigera rufescens as high as 90 000 Fe, 5000 Mn, 91 Cu, 127 Cr, 454 Pb, and 38 Ni." [LichBio2]
"Because metals such as zinc and cadmium frequently co-occur, competitive effects may well result in low internal concentrations. In particular Beckett and Brown (1984b) observed reduced intracellular cadmium uptake (Vmax of 2.39 mmol g 1 h 1 versus control Vmax of 3.93 mmol g 1 h 1) in Peltigera populations collected respectively from an old mine site where enhanced zinc and cadmium concentrations occurred in the soil and a control area. Thus, competitive exclusion of ions from the cytoplasm is an additional tolerance mechanism." [LichBio2]
"In contrast to extracellular uptake, intracellular uptake is a slow and selective, energy-dependent, plasma membrane-controlled
process [18]. Despite the greater biological significance of intracellular elements, few data are available on their uptake by lichens
under field conditions. Most results are from laboratory experiments and their significance for field studies is unclear. Beckett and Brown [12] supplied
Peltigera thalli with Cd and found that intracellular uptake increased linearly over time, substantially dependent on temperature and stimulated by light.
Because the Cd uptake was competitively inhibited by other cations, particularly Mg, it was postulated that Cd utilised the carrier transporting
Mg into the cell. These results were obtained using a sequential elution procedure involving washing lichens with
deionized water (to remove intercellular soluble elements), displacement of exchangeable elements by a divalent cation and release
of intracellular elements with total digestion in a concentrated acid. A new step was subsequently introduced to release soluble
intracellular elements and those exchangeably bound at intracellular sites [20].
It is important tounderstandthe relativeproportionsof extra- and intracellular elements in lichens to evaluate the potential toxicity of accumulated
elements under field conditions." [Nimis MwL]
"Lichens of freshwater habitats have until recently been poorly studied. Since many are submerged for only part of the year, many should be considered as amphibious (Santesson 1939); they belong to relatively few taxonomic groups (mainly Verrucariaceae and Collemataceae), are mostly pyrenocarps, and their phycobionts are normally cyanobacteria or coccoid green algae which naturally occur in a free-living state in freshwater (Aptroot and Seaward 2003); but a few, such as Peltigera hydrothyria (¼ Hydrothyria venosa), are apparently submerged throughout the year. Freshwater lichens do not occur in standing water, only in habitats subjected to running water or wave action (lake shores, rivers, streams, springs, waterfalls, weirs, and rock run-off)." [LichBio2]
"The primary photobionts in most tripartite lichens are coccoid green algae. However, the most widely distributed lichen phycobiont, Trebouxia, is rare in cyanolichens." [Rai CS]
"Coccomyxa is the primary phycobionts of tripartite Nephroma and Peltigera species (Tschermak-Woess, 1988; Vitikainen, 1994; Friedl and Büdel, 1996; Miadlikowska and Lutzoni, 2000). This alga reproduces exclusively by autospores and its exact taxonomic position thus remains unclear. We have studied genetic variation in phycobionts of five tripartite cyanolichens. The specimens had been collected from different geographical areas, including both European and North American sites. There was almost no variation among green algal ITS sequences from Nephroma arcticum, N. expallidum, Peltigera aphthosa, and P. leucophlebia. The phycobiont of P. britannica was more distinct, but when analysed with other green algae, it grouped together with the phycobionts of the other tripartite lichens. Thus, the deviating phycobiont may have been a different species or subspecies of Coccomyxa (Lohtander, Oksanen and Rikkinen, unpublished results). Comparable patterns of genetic diversity have been reported from the photobionts of some green algal lichens (Kroken and Taylor, 2000)." [Rai CS]
Peltigera - Endophyte: Nostoc - N2 fixation determined by 15N2 - Millbank and Kershaw (1969) [Postgate CBNF]
"The genus Nostoc is by far the most common cyanobiont in lichens, especially in the Lecanorales (Table 1). Strains of Nostoc are well known for their ability to enter into different types of symbioses, sometimes serving as a source of fixed carbon and nitrogen (as in bipartite cyanolichens), or strictly as a source of nitrogen (as in other symbioses)." [Rai CS]
"Several botanical names have been used for morphologically different strains of lichen-forming Nostoc. The cyanobionts of many cyanolichens, like various species of Peltigera, have been called Nostoc punctiforme (Tschermak-Woess, 1988). On the other hand, at least Nostoc commune, N. microscopicum, N. muscorum, N. punctiforme, and N. sphaericum have been identified as cyanobionts in different Collema species (Degelius, 1954). Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102 is a model strain for cyanobacterial symbioses, and most research on the physiology and molecular biology of symbiotic cyanobacteria have been done by using either this strain or its counterpart in the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC 29133 (Meeks et al., 1999). However, in recent inoculation experiments this strain was not incorporated into the tripartite lichen Peltigera aphthosa (Paulsrud et al., 2001). Clearly more research is needed before bacteriological or botanical species names can be used for different groups of lichen- forming Nostocs (Büdel, 1992; Friedl and Büdel, 1996)." [Rai CS]
"Lichenicolous fungi... are found worldwide where lichens are found and inhabit all groups of lichens. One particularly rich host genus is Peltigera, which supports over 100 species of lichenicolous fungi, a number greater than Peltigera species." [Laursen CIAC]
"...Hawksworth and Miadlikowska (1997) listed 87 species of lichenicolous fungi from the genus Peltigera alone, of which 61 were not known from any other host." [Rai CS]
Corticifraga peltigerae (Fuckel) D. Hawksw. & R. Sant.
(1990):
"This fungus is
conspicuous, dark, appearing as concave dots, coins,
or sconelike apothecia of angular shapes, sometimes
with torn margins, associated with bleached necrotic
circles on the lobes of the Peltigera or Solorina host." [Laursen CIAC]
"This is a rather common pathogenic fungus on thalli of various
Peltigera species, including P. rufescens (Weiss) Humb. (photo). It is also known from
Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. and causes bleaching of the host thalli." [Laursen CIAC]
Illosporium carneum Fr. (1829):
"Occurs as conspicuous bright pink globose heaps, composed of discrete large grains
(use a hand lens!) on the Peltigera
host lobes." [Laursen CIAC]
"This remarkable parasymbiotic hyphomycete is not rare on thalli of Peltigera didactyla (With.)
J. R. Laundon and
some other Peltigera species." [Laursen CIAC]
Nectriopsis lecanodes (Ces.)
Diederich & Schroers (1999):
"Occurs as conspicuously aggregated cream-colored, hairy (use a hand lens!) cups
(perithecia) with inrolled margins and wide openings, sitting on the lichen host lobes.
Perithecia often numerous." [Laursen CIAC]
"This parasymbiotic fungus is not rare on thalli of various
Peltigera species, as well as on Nephroma, Lobaria, and some other lichen genera." [Laursen CIAC]
Rhagadostoma lichenicola (De
Not.) Keissl. (1930):
"Perithecia are noticeably robust, black, crowded to congested, superficial jugs, or
pitcherlike fruitbodies with a rugose (wrinkled) (use a hand lens!)
surface." [Laursen CIAC]
"This common and conspicuous fungus grows on Solorina and
Peltigera species, mostly on S. crocea thalli. It is often abundant and pathogenic in heavy
infections." [Laursen CIAC]
Thelocarpon epibolum (De
Not.) Keissl. (1930):
"No other known fungi produce these tiny (use a
hand lens!), pale green, semi-immersed juglike or pitcherlike perithecia on the upper lobe surfaces of its host,
Peltigera aphthosa." [Laursen CIAC]
"This tiny lichenicolous lichen
grows on thalli of various lichen genera, and preferably
on Peltigera. It is parasymbiotic or saprophytic." [Laursen CIAC]
_Figure_1_lowerleft.jpg)
"Figure 1 lower left; Bipartite and tripartite cyanolichens. C In the tripartite cyanolichen Peltigera aphthosa the Nostoc symbiont is restricted to wart-like cephalodia (shown magnified) on the upper surface of the thallus, while the green algal symbiont (Coccomyxa) forms the photobiont layer"
[Rikkinen]
"Further examples of relationships between lichen structure and CO2 diffusion resistance have been detected in coniferous woodland in northern Ontario (Coxson, Brown & Kershaw, 1983). In Peltigera aphthosa of shaded, mesic habitats, the lower part of the thallus comprises a thick medulla covered below by an extensive tomentum allowing efficient water storage. The upper cortex is thin and provides the major pathway for gaseous diffusion, but in consequence it is relatively transparent and woodland populations show a stress response at only moderate levels of illumination (Kershaw & MacFarlane, 1980)." [Longton BPB]
"An example of intraspecific physiological variation between plants from contrasting habitats in one locality is provided by the greater tolerance to strong illumination shown by plants of Peltigera aphthosa from open as opposed to shaded habitats". [Longton BPB]
"As its specific name indicates, the widespread and formerly more common Peltigera aphthosa was regarded as specific for that fungus infection of the mouth and tongue, especially found in children, known to learned medicine as aphthae and colloquially as ‘the thrush’. The sole evidence traced of this lichen’s use in folk medicine is provided by Withering, according to whom ‘the common people’ in his day made an infusion of it in milk and gave it to children afflicted with that complaint. He added that in large doses it caused purging and vomiting and was effective against intestinal worms.29" [MPFT]
"In Ireland, Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Wiild. was used as a vermifuge." [HPEP]
Scandinavia - "Decoction for bathing chapped skin on babies and the feet of adults. Alectoria sp., Lobaria pulmonaria, and Peltigera aphthosa also used (Richardson 1974)" [Rankovic LSM]
Peltigera aphthosa Willd - Polyketides produced: Tenuiorin[LichBio2]
[Wikimedia]3
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[Wikimedia]4
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"Peltigera neopolydactyla grows on soil, humus, or among mosses in moist places. the Alaska interior has a number of different species of vein lichens that are distinguished by the presence of tomentum (feltlike covering), scaly patches, or other ornamentation on the upper surface; evenness of the margins; height and width of the veins on the lower surface; and the type of rootlike attachment hairs." [Laursen CIAC]